Aerodynamics of [ r ] in tonogenesis

1 Vietnamese and tonogenesis : revising the model and the analysis

Tone production, tone perception and Kammu tonogenesis

The Northern and Western dialects of the Mon-Khmer language Kammu use fundamental frequency to distinguish words, while the Eastern dialect relies on the contrastive voicing of initial consonants to distinguish words which display an F0 contrast in the other dialects. The production and perception of tones in the three dialects is investigated, using recordings and perception tests. As expected...

Tonal Features and the Development of Vietnamese Tones

In describing the development of tones and register in Southeast and East Asia, several phonetic features need to be considered: various dimensions of pitch (e.g. height and contour), phonation type features (e.g. breathiness and creakiness), and length (i.e intrinsic tonal duration). Vietnamese as seen as a link between two linguistic areas with different types of suprasegmental features, name...

Comprehensive Investigating on the Aerodynamic Influences of the Wheel Contact Patch

Computational fluid dynamics is implemented to investigate the influence of the wheel contact patch on the global car aerodynamics. Two main aspects of the problem are the contact step and patch shape. Three important parameters: step height, cut angle, and tire tread shape are taken into consideration. For validations of the numerical results, the experimental data are also considered. The obt...

An experimental investigation of tonogenesis in Punjabi

In this study, we provide a detailed phonetic description of the F0 patterns of Punjabi, an Indo-European language that is believed to be be undergoing tonogenesis. The purported emergent tone in Punjabi is associated with only one class of consonants – those which are thought to be historically voiced aspirated, but now may have lost both aspiration and voicing, instead being differentiated fr...